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一、背景

2021年3月，中央(yang)財經(jing)委員(yuan)會第(di)九次會議提出，構(gou)(gou)建以(yi)(yi)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為主(zhu)體的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統。新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統中電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)(gou)、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)結構(gou)(gou)和系(xi)(xi)(xi)統生態(tai)將發(fa)生深(shen)刻變化,僅(jin)依(yi)靠電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)側的(de)(de)調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)已(yi)經(jing)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)保障新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)可靠供應和安(an)全穩(wen)定運行(xing)，并且成本高昂。相比之下，需求(qiu)側的(de)(de)解決方案則通(tong)常規模(mo)較小，且選擇更(geng)加(jia)多元化，推(tui)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統由“源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)隨荷(he)(he)動(dong)”向“源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)荷(he)(he)互動(dong)”轉變，充分(fen)發(fa)揮(hui)(hui)需求(qiu)側資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)以(yi)(yi)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為主(zhu)體的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統中的(de)(de)作用(yong)十(shi)分(fen)迫切和必(bi)要。我國工業(ye)企業(ye)、商(shang)業(ye)建筑(zhu)等用(yong)電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)(he)中蘊(yun)藏了(le)(le)巨大的(de)(de)可調節(jie)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，但目前對需求(qiu)側資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)挖掘不足(zu)，受到了(le)(le)市場、政策、技術等多方面的(de)(de)約束，難(nan)以(yi)(yi)形成穩(wen)定的(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)(he)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)網協調互動(dong)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，在(zai)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統中的(de)(de)作用(yong)發(fa)揮(hui)(hui)十(shi)分(fen)有限。

本文結合(he)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電力(li)系(xi)統面臨的電力(li)安全可靠經濟供應(ying)新(xin)(xin)形勢，研究了(le)需(xu)求(qiu)側資(zi)源(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)關鍵(jian)技術。首先闡述了(le)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電力(li)系(xi)統面臨的電力(li)安全可靠經濟供應(ying)新(xin)(xin)形勢，其次研究分(fen)析了(le)國(guo)內外需(xu)求(qiu)側資(zi)源(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)實踐(jian)，在此(ci)基礎上，提出(chu)了(le)面向新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電力(li)系(xi)統的需(xu)求(qiu)側資(zi)源(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)關鍵(jian)技術，并(bing)從(cong)資(zi)源(yuan)開發重(zhong)點、運行管理、市場(chang)機制、政策措施、商業模(mo)式(shi)5個方(fang)面對我國(guo)需(xu)求(qiu)側資(zi)源(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)進(jin)行了(le)展望(wang)。

二、需求側資源利(li)用面臨的新形(xing)勢

較傳統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)結構、用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結構和(he)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)生態方面呈現新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)變(bian)化。一是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)將(jiang)面臨(lin)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)平衡難題，保(bao)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)壓力(li)(li)加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)。季節(jie)上(shang)的(de)大(da)(da)風期(qi)和(he)冬夏(xia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰期(qi)不一致，夏(xia)冬季高(gao)負荷期(qi)，新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)近(jin)六成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)時間(jian)處于裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)15%以下(xia)；從(cong)日內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)看，極(ji)熱無風、晚峰無光(guang)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)與實(shi)際用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求(qiu)不匹(pi)配，晚峰時段新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)七成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)時間(jian)處于裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)15%以下(xia)。二是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)運行風險增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)，保(bao)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)難度加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)設(she)備具(ju)有低抗擾(rao)性和(he)弱(ruo)支撐性，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)故障(zhang)(zhang)和(he)極(ji)端情(qing)景下(xia)將(jiang)嚴(yan)重沖(chong)擊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)。三是(shi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)跨越式(shi)發(fa)(fa)展情(qing)況下(xia)，將(jiang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)率保(bao)持在較高(gao)水平難度加(jia)(jia)大(da)(da)。實(shi)現新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)高(gao)效利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)面臨(lin)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本大(da)(da)幅上(shang)漲壓力(li)(li)。初步研究顯示，新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)滲透率超過15%后，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本進(jin)入快(kuai)速(su)增(zeng)長臨(lin)界點。面向我(wo)國未(wei)來以新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為主體的(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)資源(yuan)的(de)主要作用(yong)(yong)可(ke)分為三類：**類是(shi)保(bao)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)。即保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)可(ke)靠(kao)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)，在新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)結構和(he)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結構形勢下(xia)，支撐電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)需(xu)平衡。**類是(shi)保(bao)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)。即保(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)運行，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)緊急情(qing)況下(xia)，作為常態化可(ke)調度資源(yuan)。第三類是(shi)以*低的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本實(shi)現新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)高(gao)效利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)。即需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)資源(yuan)與發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側(ce)(ce)(ce)資源(yuan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)資源(yuan)、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)等協(xie)同利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)，以*經濟的(de)方式(shi)實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)可(ke)靠(kao)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)與新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)高(gao)效利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)。

三、國(guo)內外需求(qiu)側資源利用的實踐

國外：得益于(yu)較為成熟的(de)(de)(de)政策法規和市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)環境，在需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)側資源(yuan)利(li)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)面積累(lei)了(le)豐(feng)富經(jing)驗。應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)景(jing)上(shang)，廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)提(ti)(ti)升系統經(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)、安全性(xing)(xing)、可(ke)靠供(gong)電以及(ji)節能(neng)(neng)增效(xiao)。激(ji)勵(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)，建立(li)(li)了(le)“尖峰(feng)電價+中(zhong)斷補償”的(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)建設上(shang)，建立(li)(li)了(le)較為完備的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)側資源(yuan)參與(yu)各(ge)類細分市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)規則和交易(yi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。商業(ye)(ye)模(mo)式(shi)上(shang)，形(xing)成了(le)集需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響(xiang)應(ying)、能(neng)(neng)效(xiao)管(guan)理、能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)交易(yi)和數據增值(zhi)服務的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)元化商業(ye)(ye)模(mo)式(shi)。重(zhong)點技術(shu)上(shang)，推動分布式(shi)電源(yuan)、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)側資源(yuan)進入市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，**應(ying)用(yong)(yong)蜂窩技術(shu)、物聯(lian)網等(deng)新(xin)興技術(shu)。國內：需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)側資源(yuan)利(li)用(yong)(yong)以需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響(xiang)應(ying)優(you)先、有序用(yong)(yong)電保底。應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場(chang)(chang)(chang)景(jing)上(shang)，形(xing)成了(le)削峰(feng)、填谷(gu)、精準實時(shi)負(fu)荷控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三(san)種具體實施方(fang)(fang)式(shi)。激(ji)勵(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)，建立(li)(li)針對工業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)尖峰(feng)電價機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)提(ti)(ti)價收入建立(li)(li)資金池，用(yong)(yong)于(yu)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響(xiang)應(ying)補貼(tie)及(ji)相(xiang)關(guan)平臺系統建設。市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)建設上(shang)，建立(li)(li)需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響(xiang)應(ying)補貼(tie)和市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)“雙重(zhong)”機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。商業(ye)(ye)模(mo)式(shi)上(shang)，多(duo)由電網公司組(zu)織(zhi)，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)獨立(li)(li)參與(yu)。在技術(shu)方(fang)(fang)面，積極(ji)開(kai)展多(duo)類型用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷柔性(xing)(xing)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改造及(ji)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)終端部署(shu)，研發各(ge)類可(ke)調節智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)終端和負(fu)荷集控系統。

四、面向新(xin)型電力系統的需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)資源利用關鍵(jian)技術

4.1 研究現狀

目(mu)前針對需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)主要(yao)包括(kuo)兩類，一類是需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)，另一類是需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支撐技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)。其中需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)包括(kuo)運行(xing)控制技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、優化調度技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、以及協同規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)等(deng)。需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)支撐技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)主要(yao)以“大云物移智(zhi)鏈”為基礎的(de)(de)(de)(de)計算、通信(xin)、交易等(deng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)。已有(you)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)對需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)、儲能、電源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)調節等(deng)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合比對與系(xi)統(tong)優化考慮不足，將(jiang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作為新型(xing)電力系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)常態化資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)納入(ru)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)，評估需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛力、特性、成(cheng)本，并與其他資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)做好協同，仍需(xu)(xu)(xu)進一步深化研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)。此外，未來仍需(xu)(xu)(xu)豐富需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參與系(xi)統(tong)運行(xing)控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)類型(xing)，特別是將(jiang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)納入(ru)安全防御體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)控制研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)亟待開展。4.2 未來關鍵(jian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)探討(tao)

1）考慮(lv)需求側資源(yuan)利用(yong)的新型電力系(xi)統安(an)(an)全防御及(ji)韌(ren)性提升(sheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)研究(jiu)(jiu)需求側資源(yuan)與(yu)源(yuan)、儲(chu)等(deng)資源(yuan)的系(xi)統運行控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，提出(chu)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)考慮(lv)源(yuan)網荷(he)(he)儲(chu)各類資源(yuan)的電力系(xi)統安(an)(an)全防御設(she)防標準(zhun)和(he)韌(ren)性提升(sheng)方(fang)法。2）源(yuan)網荷(he)(he)儲(chu)一(yi)體(ti)化分層協(xie)同(tong)調(diao)(diao)度技(ji)(ji)術(shu)包括大(da)規(gui)模(mo)源(yuan)網荷(he)(he)儲(chu)多(duo)維(wei)度協(xie)調(diao)(diao)優(you)化控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)法、大(da)規(gui)模(mo)可中斷(duan)負荷(he)(he)精準(zhun)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、基于多(duo)安(an)(an)全約束的大(da)規(gui)模(mo)精準(zhun)負荷(he)(he)恢(hui)復(fu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、負荷(he)(he)優(you)化控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、調(diao)(diao)度營銷(xiao)一(yi)體(ti)化控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)等(deng)。3）新型電力系(xi)統源(yuan)網荷(he)(he)儲(chu)協(xie)同(tong)規(gui)劃(hua)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)研究(jiu)(jiu)滿足源(yuan)網荷(he)(he)儲(chu)協(xie)同(tong)發展的規(gui)劃(hua)方(fang)法及(ji)全環節成本綜(zong)(zong)合(he)效(xiao)益(yi)評(ping)估技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，研究(jiu)(jiu)在極端氣候條(tiao)件下源(yuan)網荷(he)(he)儲(chu)協(xie)同(tong)保障供能安(an)(an)全的可靠性